The :dir() pseudo-class allows the author to write selectors that represent an element based on its directionality as determined by the document language.

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The :focus-within pseudo-class applies to elements for which the :focus pseudo class applies.

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The :any-link pseudo-class represents an element that acts as the source anchor of a hyperlink. For example, in HTML5, any <a>, <area>, or <link> elements with an href attribute are hyperlinks, and thus match :any-link. It matches an element if the element would match :link or :visited, equivalent to :matches(:link, :visited).

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The matches-any pseudo-class, :matches(), is a functional pseudo-class taking a selector list as its argument. It represents an element that is represented by its argument.

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The ::placeholder pseudo-element represents placeholder text in an input field: text that represents the input and provides a hint to the user on how to fill out the form. For example, a date-input field might have the placeholder text “YYYY/MM/DD” to clarify that numeric dates are to be entered in year-month-day order.

All properties that apply to the ::first-line pseudo-element also apply to the ::placeholder pseudo-element.

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